Caucasus peoples - While the 12 ethnic groups who inhabited the Caucasus region spoke a collective total of more than 100 languages, the caucasian race (as originally defined) was notably more expansive, including most people originating from Europe, Western Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa, and North Africa. By this original definition ...

 
The skull thickness in Black and White adults of both sexes was studied in Rhodesia by two methods. White women have the thickest, and White men the thinnest skulls. The skulls of women are thicker than those of men in both ethnic groups. The differences are shown to be statistically significant.. Management by objectives template

The Caucasus Mountains [a] are a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Stretching between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, they are surrounded by the Caucasus region and are home to Mount Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe at 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) above sea level. The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the ...Caucasian definition: A Caucasian person is a White person. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examplesList of Partners (vendors) In the political theatre of the South Caucasus, where stability is as elusive as the region's rugged topography, a meeting is taking …Scythians and related Northeastern Iranic peoples in the Iron Age highlighted in green. Europe, 117–138 CE, when the Alani were concentrated north of the Caucasus Mountains (centre right). The first mentions of names that historians link with the Alani appear at almost the same time in texts from the Mediterranean, Middle East and China.Caucasian Exarchate (1917–1920), an ecclesiastical exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Caucasus region. Caucasian race, an obsolete racial classification of humans. White people, a racialized classification. Caucasus hunter-gatherer, an anatomically modern human genetic lineage identified in 2015.Study the Caucasus. Affiliated with the American Foreign Policy Council, the Institute focuses on the research and analysis of politics and economics on the vast territory of Central Eurasia stretching from Turkey to Western China that encompasses former Soviet republics. An overview of the countries of the Caucaus, their cutlures and societies ...The tour covers several breathtaking places along the way. We can Easily Say that this is the highlight of your trip to Georgia. You have so much fun with charming people laughing and dancing on the way. The groups that meet here are very international; you can meet many incredible people. (For solo travelers, it is a great option!). Remember, it is a long ride, but no worry, our guides always ...The Georgians, or Kartvelians ( / kɑːrtˈvɛliənz /; Georgian: ქართველები, romanized: kartvelebi, pronounced [kʰaɾtʰʷelebi] ), are a nation and indigenous Caucasian ethnic group native to Georgia and the South Caucasus. Georgian diaspora communities are also present throughout Russia, Turkey, Greece, Iran, Ukraine ...Khazar, member of a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century CE established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia. The Khazars likely were originally located in the northern Caucasus region and were part of the western Turkic empire.Amjad M. Jaimoukha. Palgrave, 2001 - Political Science - 384 pages. The Circassians have a long history forged in the crucible of their homeland in the mountains and valleys of the Northwest Caucasus. Of the many Islamic peoples of the Caucasus, they are notable for their wide and vociferous diaspora, particularly in Turkey and the Middle East. 29 ene 2023 ... Given President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's push for a Turkic peoples' organization and his support for Azerbaijan, his attendance would seem to ...The Kumyks are the largest Turkic people of the Caucasus. There are an estimated over 500,000 people, 430,000 of whom live in Dagestan (this is the third largest ethnic group in the republic). The ...People. The Caucasus has more than 50 ethnic groups, and it is believed that a greater variety of languages is spoken there than in any region of similar size in the world. Russian, Armenian, and Ossetian (spoken in Russia and Georgia) are all Indo-European languages but from very different branches. Azerbaijani is a language of the Turkic family.Caucasus Caucasus Caring for people Prayer Working Professional · Member Care ... Peoples People Of Other Faiths · Field Fundraiser. Start: Any time. Commitment ...caucasian ethnicity woman. caucasian ethnicity college student. caucasian ethnicity man. Browse Getty Images' premium collection of high-quality, authentic Caucasian Ethnicity stock photos, royalty-free images, and pictures. Caucasian Ethnicity stock photos are available in a variety of sizes and formats to fit your needs.Nov 13, 2021 · History of the Caucasus. For thousands of years, people have lived on the 1,000-mile span of mountains stretching, high and low, from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea, or in the numerous mountain valleys that delineate the Caucasus – an area where Asia and Europe meet. Throughout history, the indigenous peoples living in the northern and ... Caucasian people and Caucasian languages. კავკასია. As one of the world's most notable multi-ethnic regions, the Caucasus is truly remarkable. The ...Caucasian, including Chirikba’s 1985 article that stimulated me to investigate Euskaro-Caucasian. ... all Macro-Caucasian peoples, to this day, are inhabitants of high altitudes.Presidents of the Circassian Confederation. Circassia [b] ( / sɜːrˈkæʃə / sir-KASH-ə ), also known as Zichia, [8] [9] was a country and a historical region in the North Caucasus along the northeast shore of the Black Sea. [10] [11] It was conquered and occupied by Russia during the Russian-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which 90% of ...As Armenia deals with a refugee influx triggered by a military shelling campaign of a breakaway region by rival Azerbaijan, Canada's first ambassador to the …The Caucasus region is characterized by far-reaching mountain ranges, that have long separated people and created distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious identities over thousands of years. Today, the region spans over three main countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, and is bordered by Russia, Turkey, and Iran.Iberian, Spanish Ibero, one of a prehistoric people of southern and eastern Spain who later gave their name to the whole peninsula.The waves of migrating Celtic peoples from the 8th to 6th century bc onward settled heavily in northern and central Spain, penetrated Portugal and Galicia, but left the indigenous Bronze Age Iberian people of the south and east intact. Dec 29, 2018 · The Khazars were a semi-nomadic, Turkic-speaking people who became a major commercial empire in the northern Caucasus during the 7th century AD. Over the centuries they expanded their power to include eastern Ukraine, Crimea, southern Russia, western Kazakhstan, and northwestern Uzbekistan too. Table of Contents Caucasus - Ethnic Groups, Languages, Religions: The rural population of the Caucasus is unevenly distributed, with the most densely populated part of the region along the Black Sea coast. The Caucasus group is concentrated along the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains; its main subgroups are the Adyghs, Chechens, Cherkess, Ingush, and Kabardins, as well as about thirty Caucasus peoples collectively classified as Dagestani. Sami People. Russian ethnic groups are broadly divided as follows:Dec 4, 1990 · Handicraft industries played an important role in the economy of the peoples of the North Caucasus. Dagestan ranked first in the North Caucasus by the volume of handicrafts produced in the region. Up to 40 types of handicrafts were produced there. Dagestan was a birthplace of the handicraft industry of the North Caucasus (Hasanaliev, 2012). The first is that the Ingush, like all other indigenous Caucasian peoples, are mountaineers; they historically have their home in the mountains, from which they ...The Caucasus or Caucasia (/kɔːˈkeɪʒə/), is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historically been considered as a … See moreThe Yamnaya culture [a] or the Yamna culture, [b] also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe ), dating to 3300–2600 BCE. [2] It was discovered by Vasily Gorodtsov ... Flag of the Nogai people [9] [10] The Nogais ( Nogai: Ногай, Noğay /noˈɣaj/, plural: Ногайлар, Noğaylar /noɣajˈlar/) are a Turkic [10] ethnic group who live in the North Caucasus region. Most are found in Northern Dagestan and Stavropol Krai, as well as in Karachay-Cherkessia and Astrakhan Oblast; some also live in Chechnya ... The British affected the indigenous peoples or Aboriginals of Australia by taking over the land, using up the natural resources, and bringing diseases. The British polluted much of the freshwater on which the Aboriginals depended.The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus. [2] By language group Language families indigenous to the Caucasus Caucasian peoples: Georgians, Persians (in Azerbaijan ), Circassians, Tatars, and Ingush The medieval Georgian village of ShatiliDec 28, 2021 · Study the Caucasus. Affiliated with the American Foreign Policy Council, the Institute focuses on the research and analysis of politics and economics on the vast territory of Central Eurasia stretching from Turkey to Western China that encompasses former Soviet republics. An overview of the countries of the Caucaus, their cutlures and societies ... The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus. [2] By language group Language families indigenous to the Caucasus Caucasian peoples: Georgians, Persians (in Azerbaijan ), Circassians, Tatars, and Ingush The medieval Georgian village of ShatiliTo the north is the Eurasian Steppe, long thought to be part of Greater Tartary, to which a succession of peoples and nations have laid claim, the last being modern Russia. The southern slopes are captured by the rugged uplands of eastern Turkey and northern Iran, the Caspian plains between Iran and Azerbaijan, and the Armenian Highland: these ...Erckert and many others are of the opinion that the Caucasian Jews amalgamated at an early date with the native tribes. It is certain that among the peoples of the Caucasus the Jewish type is everywhere represented, and that even among Christian and Mohammedan tribes many Jewish customs and habits have been preserved to the present day. The Caucasus region has a hundred and fifty mountain peaks, going as high as 13,000 feet. Noah’s Ark landed on Mt. Ararat; on Elbruz, Prometheus suffered for his presumption. And on Mt. Alaghaz, in Armenia, a new attempt is being made by Soviet scientists to steal new fire from heaven—to discover the secrets of the atom.DNA Discoverer: Blacks Less Intelligent Than Whites. One of the world's most eminent scientists has created a racial firestorm in Britain. James D. Watson, 79, co-discoverer of the DNA helix and ...29 ene 2023 ... Given President Recep Tayyip Erdogan's push for a Turkic peoples' organization and his support for Azerbaijan, his attendance would seem to ...15 jun 2009 ... ... peoples of the Caucasus to contest this binding generosity. He even interviews contemporary academics and cultural figures in Moscow and ...In comparison, the population of the Caucasus is small but quite diverse. Among the peoples of the Caucasus are the Armenians, Azerbaijanis, and Georgians, who live mostly in the countries named for them. The Caucasus also boasts other smaller groups, such as the Abkhazians and South Ossetians in Georgia, and the Lezgins in Azerbaijan.Caucasus Caucasus Caring for people Prayer Working Professional · Member Care ... Peoples People Of Other Faiths · Field Fundraiser. Start: Any time. Commitment ...of the Caucasus peoples with various molecular approaches (including Y-chromosomal and autosomal DNA variation). I sincerely hope that Dr. Ivan Nasidze will be …The Caucasus has become a fixed description for the region between the Black and Caspian Seas, including the Republic of Armenia. Media, international organizations, and local people frequently refer to the Caucasus to include the complex mix of cultures between Russia, Turkey and Iran. But while this area includes ancient cultures, the use of the term ‘Caucasus’ to describe it is a fairly ...There are numerous mountain ranges in Russia, including the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai, the Sayan, the Kolyma, the Koryak, the Stanovoy, the Verkhoyansk and Yablonovy Mountains.We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, ...The Khazars were a semi-nomadic, Turkic-speaking people who became a major commercial empire in the northern Caucasus during the 7th century AD. Over the centuries they expanded their power to include eastern Ukraine, Crimea, southern Russia, western Kazakhstan, and northwestern Uzbekistan too.Circassian, Russian Cherkes or Cherkess, plural Cherkesy, member of a Caucasian people speaking a northwest Caucasian language ( see Kabardian language ). From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival empires. As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BC by Anaximander and Hecataeus. Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the modern Rioni River) in the Caucasus, a convention still followed by Herodotus in the 5th century BC. Herodotus [also states] that some considered the ...29 oct 2018 ... Pray for the Karachay people of southwest Russia's Caucasus Mountains. They are unreached, but God is up to something in their neighborhood!With racial justice at the forefront of our collective consciousness, there has arisen a growing outcry for Americans to reexamine the legacy of Christopher Columbus. In October of 2021, the White House under President Biden issued a procla...Amjad M. Jaimoukha. Palgrave, 2001 - Political Science - 384 pages. The Circassians have a long history forged in the crucible of their homeland in the mountains and valleys of the Northwest Caucasus. Of the many Islamic peoples of the Caucasus, they are notable for their wide and vociferous diaspora, particularly in Turkey and the Middle East.Russian Map of the Caucasus and north-eastern Anatolia, 1903. The Caucasus Greeks (Greek: Έλληνες του Καυκάσου or more commonly Καυκάσιοι Έλληνες, Turkish: Kafkas Rum), also known as the Greeks of Transcaucasia and Russian Asia Minor, are the ethnic Greeks of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in what is now southwestern Russia, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey. The Ossetians and Ossetia received their name from the Russians, who had adopted the Georgian designations Osi (ოსი, pl. Osebi, ოსები) and Oseti ('the land of Osi', ოსეთი – note the personal pronoun), used since the Middle Ages for the single Iranian -speaking population of the Central Caucasus and probably based on ...Mountain areas of the North Caucasus host several large ethnic communities, which managed to preserve their national identity through the centuries. The way of life characteristic for people from this region allows to expect high contribution of founder alleles, with an unique spectrum of pathogenic variants characteristic for each of the ethnic groups.Amjad M. Jaimoukha. Palgrave, 2001 - Political Science - 384 pages. The Circassians have a long history forged in the crucible of their homeland in the mountains and valleys of the Northwest Caucasus. Of the many Islamic peoples of the Caucasus, they are notable for their wide and vociferous diaspora, particularly in Turkey and the Middle East. Abstract : Chechnya declared its independence during the chaos of the dissolution of the USSR and the emergence of Russia in 1991. Chechen independence threatened Russia's territorial integrity, however, resulting in two wars between Russia and Chechen rebels that lay waste to Chechnya and killed an estimated 100,000 people. Russia's harsh methods during both wars resulted in reprisal attacks ...Jun 23, 2021 · The South Caucasus is in the midst of a geopolitical transition. No longer an isolated backwater of the former Soviet Union, the South Caucasus today interacts with and is impacted by a much larger region around it. It is becoming more interconnected with its neighbors in the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf. Erckert and many others are of the opinion that the Caucasian Jews amalgamated at an early date with the native tribes. It is certain that among the peoples of the Caucasus the Jewish type is everywhere represented, and that even among Christian and Mohammedan tribes many Jewish customs and habits have been preserved to the present day.From the Caucasus Mountains to the North of the Holy Land: The Circassians as an Exiled People. The Circassians, or “Adyghe” as they call themselves in their language, are a people originating from the northwestern Caucasus, a region located east of the Black Sea, between Russia, Turkey and Iran. The Circassians lived in relative freedom in ... The peoples planned for extermination were mainly the Muslim Circassians, but other Muslim peoples of the Caucasus were also affected. Killing methods used by Russian forces during the genocide included impaling and tearing the bellies of pregnant women as means of intimidation of the Circassian population.Major landforms in Russia include the Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains and the Volga River. Russia has two plains, one of which is the East European Plain that covers most of the European part of Russia.19 oct 2012 ... Europe's deadliest conflicts are in Russia's North Caucasus region, and the killing is unlikely to end soon. ... Some 750 people were killed in ...The Assembly of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus was established three years before the start of Patriotic war of the people of Abkhazia, on August 25, 1989. On this day in Sukhum in the conference hall of the Council of Ministers of Abkhazia the first congress of the Assembly was held. The event gathered over 500 delegates from Abkhazia and ...This study clarifies the role of refugia and landscape permeability in the formation of the current genetic structure of peoples of the Caucasus. We report novel genome-wide data for modern ...19 oct 2012 ... Europe's deadliest conflicts are in Russia's North Caucasus region, and the killing is unlikely to end soon. ... Some 750 people were killed in ...Prehistoric Caucasus. The Caucasus region, on the gateway between Southwest Asia, Europe and Central Asia, plays a pivotal role in the peopling of Eurasia , possibly as early as during the Homo erectus expansion to Eurasia, in the Upper Paleolithic peopling of Europe, and again in the re-peopling Mesolithic Europe following the Last Glacial ... Sep 22, 2022 · To the north is the Eurasian Steppe, long thought to be part of Greater Tartary, to which a succession of peoples and nations have laid claim, the last being modern Russia. The southern slopes are captured by the rugged uplands of eastern Turkey and northern Iran, the Caspian plains between Iran and Azerbaijan, and the Armenian Highland: these ... The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages [37] [38] According to historians and linguists, the Proto-Turkic language originated in Central-East Asia, [39] potentially in Altai-Sayan region, Mongolia or Tuva.From the Caucasus Mountains to the North of the Holy Land: The Circassians as an Exiled People. The Circassians, or “Adyghe” as they call themselves in their language, are a people originating from the northwestern Caucasus, a region located east of the Black Sea, between Russia, Turkey and Iran. The Circassians lived in relative freedom in ... The people of the Caucasus are divided into three main groups (based on the language they speak): 1) the Caucasians: 2) the Indo-Europeans; and 3) the Turks. Caucasians: A) Northwest Caucasian ethnic groups include Abkhazians, Circassians, Kabarda and Karachay in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.Circassians, also called Cherkess or Adyghe ( Adyghe and Kabardian: Адыгэхэр, romanized: Adygekher ), are an indigenous Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation native to the historical country-region of Circassia in the North Caucasus. [26] As a consequence of the Circassian genocide perpetrated by the Russian Empire in the 19th ... Posted in the UkraineUpdatesWar2022 community.Caucasian peoples, various ethnic groups living in the. Caucasus, a geographically complex area of mountain ranges, plateaus, foothills, plains, rivers, and.In 2007, the Peoples Benefit Life Insurance company merged with Monumental Life, which now owns and manages all of its accounts. The company’s headquarters is in Iowa. Monumental Life is a member of the Aegon financial group.The study in Cell also shows that migrants from the distant Caucasus Mountains combined with the indigenous population to forge the unique Canaanite culture that dominated the area between Egypt ...Key Words: The Caucasus, peoples, History, Folklore. Introduction: The Caucasus /ˈkɔːkəsəs/ or Caucasia /kɔːˈkeɪʒə/ (for endonyms, see below), is a region at the border of Europe and Asia, situated between the Black and the Caspian seas. It is home to the Caucasus Mountains, which contain Europe's highest mountain, Mount Elbrus.Russian Map of the Caucasus and north-eastern Anatolia, 1903. The Caucasus Greeks (Greek: Έλληνες του Καυκάσου or more commonly Καυκάσιοι Έλληνες, Turkish: Kafkas Rum), also known as the Greeks of Transcaucasia and Russian Asia Minor, are the ethnic Greeks of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in what is now southwestern Russia, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey.Buffeted for the last 1000 years betweenRussians, Turks, Persians and the various peoples of the Caucasus, Armenians have survived the loomingpresence of much more powerful neighbours. The existence of the country has been recorded by mapmakers sincethe beginnings of cartography - including the various configurations of borders of the Armenian ...

Russian Map of the Caucasus and north-eastern Anatolia, 1903. The Caucasus Greeks (Greek: Έλληνες του Καυκάσου or more commonly Καυκάσιοι Έλληνες, Turkish: Kafkas Rum), also known as the Greeks of Transcaucasia and Russian Asia Minor, are the ethnic Greeks of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia in what is now southwestern Russia, Georgia, and northeastern Turkey.. Santander overnight payoff phone number

caucasus peoples

Khazar, member of a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century CE established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia. The Khazars likely were originally located in the northern Caucasus region and were part of the western Turkic empire.of the Caucasus peoples with various molecular approaches (including Y-chromosomal and autosomal DNA variation). I sincerely hope that Dr. Ivan Nasidze will be …29 nov 2021 ... According to the Caucasian mystic, the spiritual teacher of the peoples of Dagestan and Chechnya, Jamalutdin Kazikumukhsky, there are many ways ...Tolstoy's Caucasus works are an outraged critique of Russian high society and tsarist imperialism, colonialism and atrocity-ridden war against the Che chens and other peoples of the Caucasus. The policies were to a large degree managed by Tolstoy's bête noire: the diagnostically brutal and mechanical Nicholas I ...Lezgins are a Caucasus people who speak Lezgin (which belongs to the north-eastern branch of Caucasian languages) and they live in the northern regions of Azerbaijan. Their population is estimated at 180,300 (2009 census).6 feb 2023 ... COLUMN. President Volodymyr Zelensky is banking on a gradual rallying of Russia's 'indigenous peoples' to the Ukrainian cause, in the name ...The Kumyks are the largest Turkic people of the Caucasus. There are an estimated over 500,000 people, 430,000 of whom live in Dagestan (this is the third largest ethnic group in the republic). The ...Recent DNA research which shows that the steppe-people derived from a mix of Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers, has led to renewed suggestions of the possibility of a Caucasian, or even Iranian, homeland for an archaic proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of both Anatolian languages and all other Indo-European ...having invented the association, let me locate the Caucasus and its peoples. Obviously the name "Caucasian" connects to the Caucasus, the 440,000 square kilometers of land separating the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The two ranges of the Caucasus Mountains cross the region running roughly east to west. The northern, Caucasus range indigenous (autochthonous) peoples of the Caucasus, which in most cases is misrepresented in early Russian historiography when the Caucasians were ...The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus. [2] By language group Language families indigenous to the Caucasus Caucasian peoples: Georgians, Persians (in Azerbaijan ), Circassians, Tatars, and Ingush The medieval Georgian village of Shatili There are numerous mountain ranges in Russia, including the Urals, the Caucasus, the Altai, the Sayan, the Kolyma, the Koryak, the Stanovoy, the Verkhoyansk and Yablonovy Mountains.by Robert Chenciner. The Russian love affair with the Caucasus has been long and cruel, though the outside world knows little of the multitude of ethnic groups ...The name Caucasus is a Latinized form of Kaukasos, which the ancient Greek geographers and historians used; the Russian Kavkaz is of the same origin. The ultimate derivation is thought to be from Kaz-kaz, the Hittite name for a people living on the southern shore of the Black Sea.The name Caucasian gives us a clue, because we came from the Caucasus Mountains through the pass of Israel after escaping from Assyrian captivity. Another clue is that Abraham’s offspring would be named after Isaac from whence we get the word Saxon or Isaac’s sons! Some of these people, in time gone by, were also known as the Goths, which ...The gene pool of the East Caucasus, encompassing modern-day Azerbaijan and Dagestan populations, ... the Eurasian steppe. The Iranian component is observed …Meet the survivors of a ‘paper genocide’. A leader of the indigenous Caribbeans known as the Taíno describes how his people’s history was erased—and what they’re doing to get it back ...Caucasian: [adjective] of or relating to the Caucasus or its inhabitants.Oct 7, 2022 · The Caucasus region is characterized by far-reaching mountain ranges, that have long separated people and created distinct ethnic, linguistic, and religious identities over thousands of years. Today, the region spans over three main countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, and is bordered by Russia, Turkey, and Iran. The Caucasian isthmus—or, more precisely, the road that passes across it along the shores of the Caspian—is one of the great routes along which nomadic peoples have moved at various times from Central to Southwest Asia. The chief significance of the Caucasus in Asian history, therefore, is as a gateway of migration..

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